32 Eruptions Since December: Inside Kīlauea’s Fiery Display

Since December 23, 2024, Kīlauea, one of the world’s most active volcanoes, has erupted 32 times, captivating scientists and visitors alike. Located in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park on the Big Island of Hawaii, Kīlauea’s summit eruptions have been characterized by episodic lava fountains, dramatic lava flows, and significant geological activity. This article delves into the details of these eruptions, their impacts, and the ongoing monitoring efforts.

The Beginning of the 2024–2025 Eruption Cycle

The current eruption cycle began on December 23, 2024, when lava fountains erupted from vents within Halemaʻumaʻu Crater, part of the Kīlauea summit caldera. This marked the sixth summit eruption since 2020. The initial episode lasted approximately 14 hours, with lava fountains reaching heights of less than 50 meters. Subsequent episodes have varied in duration and intensity, with lava fountains reaching up to 1,200 feet by July 2025.

Eruptive Episodes and Their Characteristics

The eruptions have been episodic, with intervals of inactivity lasting several days. Each episode has been unique, with variations in lava fountain heights, vent locations, and eruption durations. For instance, on June 5, 2025, the volcano erupted for the 24th time, with lava fountains reaching significant heights . By September 2025, the 32nd eruption occurred, with lava shooting up to 330 feet into the air from multiple vents within Halemaʻumaʻu Crater 

Geological and Environmental Impacts

The frequent eruptions have led to significant geological changes within the summit caldera. New lava flows have reshaped the crater floor, and the continuous activity has provided valuable data for scientists studying volcanic processes. However, the eruptions have also posed environmental challenges, including elevated sulfur dioxide emissions and the formation of volcanic smog, or “vog,” which can affect air quality and public health 

Visitor Experience and Safety Measures

Despite the ongoing volcanic activity, Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park remains a popular destination for visitors. The National Park Service has implemented safety measures to protect the public, including designated viewing areas and real-time eruption updates. However, visitors are advised to check current conditions before visiting, as volcanic activity can change rapidly 

Scientific Monitoring and Research

The U.S. Geological Survey’s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) has been at the forefront of monitoring Kīlauea’s activity. Using a network of seismometers, gas analyzers, and thermal cameras, scientists have been able to track the volcano’s behavior in real-time. Their research has provided insights into magma movement, eruption forecasting, and hazard assessment.

Conclusion

Kīlauea’s 32 eruptions since December 2024 underscore the dynamic and unpredictable nature of volcanic activity. While the frequent eruptions present challenges, they also offer unique opportunities for scientific discovery and public engagement. As monitoring efforts continue, scientists hope to gain a deeper understanding of volcanic processes and improve eruption forecasting to mitigate potential hazards.